Mayelana no-Hideo Ikeda:
Owokuzalwa eFukuoka Prefecture, eJapan, wazalwa ngo-1935. Wafika eChina ngo-1997 futhi wafunda ulwazi lwesiShayina nolwazi lwezolimo eNyuvesi yaseShandong.Kusukela ngo-2002, usebenze neSikole Sezokulima, iShandong Agricultural University, iShandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, nezinye izindawo eShouguang naseFeicheng.Amayunithi amabhizinisi kanye neminyango efanelekile kahulumeni wasekhaya ifunda ngokuhlanganyela izinkinga ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo eShandong futhi ibambe iqhaza ekuvimbeleni nasekulawuleni izifo ezithwalwa umhlabathi kanye nokwenza ngcono umhlabathi, kanye nocwaningo oluhlobene nokutshalwa kwama-strawberry.EDolobheni laseShouguang, iJinan City, iDolobha laseTai'an, iDolobha laseFeicheng, iDolobha laseQufu, nakwezinye izindawo zokuqondisa ukukhiqizwa komquba wemvelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwenhlabathi, ukulawula izifo ezitholakala emhlabathini, nokutshalwa kwe-strawberry.Ngo-February 2010, wathola isitifiketi sochwepheshe bangaphandle (uhlobo: ezomnotho kanye nezobuchwepheshe) esinikezwe i-State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs yase-People's Republic of China.
1. Isingeniso
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, igama elithi “Green Food” liye ladlondlobala ngokushesha, futhi isifiso sabathengi sokudla “ukudla okuphephile okungadliwa ngokuzethemba” siya ngokuya sikhula.
Isizathu sokuthi kungani ukulima okuphilayo, okukhiqiza ukudla okuluhlaza, kuye kwakhanga ukunaka okukhulu, isizinda sendlela yezolimo eyakha umkhakha wezolimo wesimanje, owaqala engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20 ngokusetshenziswa kabanzi komanyolo wamakhemikhali kanye nenani elikhulu lezinto ezisetshenziswayo. izibulala-zinambuzane.
Ukuthandwa kukamanyolo wamakhemikhali kubangele ukuhlehla okukhulu komanyolo wezinto eziphilayo, okulandelwa ukwehla kokukhiqizwa komhlaba okulinywayo.Lokhu kuthinta kakhulu izinga kanye nesivuno semikhiqizo yezolimo.Imikhiqizo yezolimo ekhiqizwa emhlabeni ngaphandle kokuvunda kwenhlabathi ayinampilo, ijwayele ukuba nezinkinga ezifana nezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane, futhi ilahlekelwa ukunambitheka kwasekuqaleni kwezilimo.Ngokuthuthuka kwamazinga okuphila abantu, lezi zizathu ezibalulekile zokuthi kungani abathengi badinga “ukudla okuphephile nokumnandi”.
Ukulima okuphilayo akuyona imboni entsha.Kuze kube yilapho kwethulwa umanyolo wamakhemikhali engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leminyaka elidlule, kwakuyindlela evamile yokukhiqiza yezolimo yonke indawo.Ikakhulukazi, umquba waseShayina unomlando weminyaka eyi-4,000.Ngalesi sikhathi, ukulima okuphilayo, okusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni komquba, kwavumela umhlabathi onempilo nokhiqizayo ukuba ugcinwe.Kodwa iye yacekelwa phansi iminyaka engaphansi kuka-50 yezolimo zesimanje ezibuswa umanyolo wamakhemikhali.Lokhu kuye kwaholela esimweni esibucayi namuhla.
Ukuze sinqobe lesi simo esibucayi, kufanele sifunde emlandweni futhi sihlanganise ubuchwepheshe besimanje ukuze sakhe uhlobo olusha lwezolimo oluphilayo, ngaleyo ndlela sivule umgwaqo wezolimo osimeme futhi ozinzile.
2. Izivundisi kanye nokwenza umquba
Umanyolo wamakhemikhali unezici zezingxenye eziningi zikamanyolo, ukusebenza kahle komanyolo, kanye nomphumela osheshayo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhiqizo ecutshungulwayo kulula ukuyisebenzisa, futhi inani elincane kuphela elidingekayo, futhi umthwalo wabasebenzi nawo uncane, ngakho-ke kunezinzuzo eziningi.Ububi balo manyolo ukuthi awuqukethe i-humus ye-organic matter.
Nakuba umquba ngokuvamile unezakhi ezimbalwa zikamanyolo kanye nomphumela womanyolo ophuzile, inzuzo yawo ukuthi uqukethe izinto ezihlukahlukene ezikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto eziphilayo, njenge-hummus, ama-amino acid, amavithamini, kanye nezakhi zokulandelela.Lezi yizici ezibonisa ezolimo eziphilayo.
Izithako ezisebenzayo zomquba yizinto ezikhiqizwa ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo yizinambuzane, ezingatholakali kumanyolo we-inorganic.
3. Izinzuzo zokuhlanganisa umquba
Njengamanje, kunenqwaba “yemfucuza ephilayo” evela emphakathini wesintu, njengezinsalela, indle, kanye nemfucuza yasekhaya evela ezimbonini zezolimo nezemfuyo.Lokhu akuphumeleli nje kuphela ekumoshweni kwezinsiza kodwa kuletha nezinkinga ezinkulu zomphakathi.Iningi lazo liyashiswa noma ligqitshwe njengemfucuza engenamsebenzi.Lezi zinto ezagcina zilahliwe ziye zaphenduka izimbangela ezibalulekile zokungcoliswa komoya okukhulu, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, nezinye izingozi zomphakathi, ezibangela umonakalo ongenakulinganiswa emphakathini.
Ukwelashwa okuhlanganisiwe kwale mfucumfucu yemvelo kunethuba lokuxazulula izinkinga ezingenhla.Umlando usitshela ukuthi “zonke izinto eziphilayo ezivela emhlabeni zibuyela emhlabeni” isimo somjikelezo esivumelana kakhulu nemithetho yemvelo, futhi sizuzisa futhi asinangozi kubantu.
Kulapho kuphela “inhlabathi, izitshalo, izilwane, nabantu” bakha iketango lezinto eziphilayo ezinempilo, lapho impilo yomuntu ingaqinisekiswa khona.Lapho indawo ezungezile nempilo kuthuthukiswa, Isithakazelo esijatshulelwa abantu siyozuzisa izizukulwane zethu ezizayo, futhi izibusiso azinamkhawulo.
4. Iqhaza nokusebenza ngempumelelo komquba
Izitshalo ezinempilo zikhula endaweni enempilo.Okubaluleke kakhulu kulokhu inhlabathi.Umquba unomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni inhlabathi kuyilapho umanyolo kungenawo.
Lapho kuthuthukiswa inhlabathi ukuze kudaleke umhlaba onempilo, isidingo esikhulu sokucatshangelwa "esingokomzimba", "izinto eziphilayo" kanye "namakhemikhali" lezi zici ezintathu.Ama-elementi afinyezwa kanje:
Izakhiwo zomzimba: umoya omncane, amanzi, ukugcinwa kwamanzi, njll.
Ibhayoloji: ukubola kwento ephilayo enhlabathini, kukhiqize umsoco, kwakha amaqoqo, kuvimbele izifo zomhlabathi, futhi kuthuthukise ikhwalithi yezitshalo.
Ikhemikhali: Izakhi zamakhemikhali ezifana nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali enhlabathi (izakhamzimba), inani le-pH (i-acidity), kanye ne-CEC (ukugcinwa kwezakhi).
Lapho uthuthukisa umhlabathi futhi uthuthukisa ukudalwa komhlaba onempilo, kubalulekile ukubeka phambili lokhu okuthathu okungenhla.Ngokuqondile, i-oda elijwayelekile ukulungisa izakhiwo zenhlabathi kuqala, bese ucabangela izakhiwo zayo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ngalesi sisekelo.
⑴ ukuthuthukiswa ngokomzimba
I-humus ekhiqizwa inqubo yokubola kwezinto eziphilayo ngama-microorganisms ingakhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-granulation yomhlabathi, futhi kunezimbotshana ezinkulu nezincane emhlabathini.Kungaba nemiphumela elandelayo:
I-Aeration: ngokusebenzisa izimbotshana ezinkulu nezincane, umoya odingekayo ezimpandeni zezitshalo kanye nokuphefumula kwe-microbial uyanikezwa.
I-Drainage: Amanzi angena kalula emhlabathini ngokusebenzisa izimbotshana ezinkulu, aqede umonakalo womswakama owedlulele (izimpande ezibolile, ukungabi khona komoya).Lapho unisela, indawo engaphezulu ngeke iqongelele amanzi ukuze kubangele ukuhwamuka kwamanzi noma ukulahlekelwa, okuthuthukisa izinga lokusebenzisa amanzi.
Ukugcinwa kwamanzi: Izimbotshana ezincane zinomphumela wokugcina amanzi, ezinganikeza amanzi ezimpandeni isikhathi eside, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukisa ukumelana nesomiso emhlabathini.
(2) Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto eziphilayo
Izinhlobo nenani lezinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi (izilwanyana ezincane nezilwane ezincane, njll.) ezidla izinto eziphilayo ziye zanda kakhulu, futhi isigaba se-biological siye sahlukahluka futhi sanothiswa.Izinto eziphilayo zibola zibe imisoco yezitshalo ngesenzo salezi zinambuzane zomhlabathi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi kwesenzo se-humus ekhiqizwe kule nqubo, izinga le-agglomeration yenhlabathi liyakhula, futhi kwakhiwa ama-pores amaningi emhlabathini.
Ukuvinjelwa kwezinambuzane nezifo: Ngemva kokuba isigaba sezinto eziphilayo sehlukene, ukwanda kwezinto eziphilayo eziyingozi njengamabhaktheriya e-pathogenic kungavinjelwa ngokuphikisana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo.Ngenxa yalokho, ukuvela kwezinambuzane nezifo nakho kuyalawuleka.
Isizukulwane sezinto ezikhuthaza ukukhula: Ngaphansi kokusebenza kwama-microorganisms, izinto ezikhuthaza ukukhula eziwusizo ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi yezitshalo, njengama-amino acid, amavithamini, nama-enzyme, akhiqizwa.
Gqugquzela ukuhlangana kwenhlabathi: Izinto ezinamathelayo, indle, izinsalela, njll. ezikhiqizwa amagciwane ziba inhlanganisela yezinhlayiya zenhlabathi, okukhuthaza ukuhlangana kwenhlabathi.
Ukubola kwezinto eziyingozi: Ama-microorganisms anomsebenzi wokubola, ukuhlanza izinto eziyingozi, nokuvimbela ukukhula kwezinto.
(3) Ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhemikhali
Njengoba izinhlayiya zobumba ze-humus nomhlabathi nazo zine-CEC (isisekelo sokugudluza: ukugcinwa kwezakhi), ukufaka umquba kungathuthukisa ukugcinwa kokuvunda kwenhlabathi futhi kubambe iqhaza ekusebenzeni kahle komanyolo.
Thuthukisa ukugcinwa kokuvunda: I-CEC yasekuqaleni yomhlabathi kanye ne-humus CEC yanele ukuthuthukisa ukugcinwa kwezingxenye zomanyolo.Izingxenye zikamanyolo ezigciniwe zingahlinzekwa kancane ngokuya ngezidingo zesitshalo, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise ukusebenza kahle kukamanyolo.
Umphumela wokuvimbela: Noma ngabe umanyolo usetshenziswa kakhulu ngoba izingxenye zikamanyolo zingagcinwa okwesikhashana, izitshalo ngeke zonakaliswe ukushiswa kukamanyolo.
Ukwengeza izakhi zokulandela umkhondo: Ngaphezu kwe-N, P, K, Ca, Mg nezinye izakhi ezidingekayo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo, udoti wemvelo ovela ezitshalweni, njll., nazo ziqukethe umkhondo nobaluleke kakhulu u-S, Fe, Zn, Cu, B, Mn, Mo , njll., ezabuyiselwa emhlabathini ngokufaka umquba.Ukuze siqonde ukubaluleka kwalokhu, sidinga kuphela ukubheka lesi senzakalo esilandelayo: amahlathi emvelo asebenzisa ama-carbohydrate e-photosynthetic kanye nezakhamzimba namanzi amuncwa izimpande zokukhula kwezitshalo, futhi aphinde aqongelele emaqabunga awile namagatsha emhlabathini.I-humus eyakhiwe phansi imunca imisoco ukuze ikhulise (ukukhula).
⑷ Umphumela wokwengeza ukukhanya kwelanga okunganele
Imiphumela yocwaningo yakamuva ibonisa ukuthi ngaphezu kwemiphumela yokuthuthukisa eshiwo ngenhla, umquba nawo unomphumela wokumunca ngokuqondile ama-carbohydrate ancibilikayo emanzini (ama-amino acid, njll.) ezimpandeni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhula okunempilo kwezitshalo.Kunesiphetho emcabangweni odlule wokuthi izimpande zezitshalo zingakwazi ukumunca imisoco ye-inorganic njenge-nitrogen ne-phosphoric acid, kodwa azikwazi ukumunca ama-carbohydrate ephilayo.
Njengoba sonke sazi, izitshalo zikhiqiza ama-carbohydrate nge-photosynthesis, ngaleyo ndlela zikhiqize izicubu zomzimba futhi zithole amandla adingekayo ekukhuleni.Ngakho-ke, ngokukhanya okuncane, i-photosynthesis ihamba kancane futhi ukukhula okunempilo akunakwenzeka.Kodwa-ke, uma "ama-carbohydrate angamuncwa ezimpandeni", i-photosynthesis ephansi ebangelwa ukukhanya kwelanga okwanele inganxeshezelwa ngama-carbohydrate amuncwa ezimpandeni.Leli iqiniso elaziwayo phakathi kwezisebenzi zezolimo, okungukuthi, ukulima okuphilayo kusetshenziswa umquba akuthintwa kancane ukuntuleka kokukhanya kwelanga ehlobo elipholile noma iminyaka yezinhlekelele zemvelo, futhi iqiniso lokuthi izinga nenani lingcono kunokutshalwa kukamanyolo wamakhemikhali. kuqinisekiswe ngokwesayensi.ukuphikisana.
5. Ukusatshalaliswa kwezigaba ezintathu kwenhlabathi kanye nendima yezimpande
Enqubweni yokuthuthukisa inhlabathi ngomquba, isilinganiso esibalulekile “ukusabalalisa umhlabathi ngezigaba ezintathu”, okungukuthi, isilinganiso sezinhlayiya zenhlabathi (isigaba esiqinile), umswakama womhlabathi (isigaba soketshezi), nomoya wenhlabathi (isigaba somoya). ) emhlabathini.Ezitshalweni nama-microorganisms, ukusabalalisa okufanelekile kwezigaba ezintathu cishe ku-40% esigabeni esiqinile, u-30% esigabeni soketshezi, kanye no-30% esigabeni somoya.Kokubili isigaba se-liquid kanye nesigaba somoya simele okuqukethwe kwezimbotshana emhlabathini, isigaba soketshezi simelela okuqukethwe kwezimbotshana ezincane ezibamba amanzi e-capillary, kanti isigaba somoya simelela inani lezimbotshana ezinkulu ezenza kube lula ukujikeleza komoya kanye nokukhipha amanzi.
Njengoba sonke sazi, izimpande eziningi zezitshalo zikhetha u-30 ~ 35% wezinga lesigaba somoya, elihlobene nendima yezimpande.Izimpande zezitshalo zikhula ngokubhoboza izimbotshana ezinkulu, ngakho uhlelo lwempande luthuthuke kahle.Ukumunca umoya-mpilo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemisebenzi yokukhula ngamandla, kufanele kuqinisekiswe izimbotshana ezinkulu ezanele.Lapho izimpande zinwebeka khona, zisondela ezimbotsheni ezigcwele amanzi e-capillary, lapho amanzi amuncwa khona uboya obukhulayo obungaphambili ezimpandeni, uboya bezimpande bungase bungene kumaphesenti ayishumi noma amathathu emilimitha ezimbotshana ezincane.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umanyolo ofakwe enhlabathini ugcinwa okwesikhashana ezinhlayiyeni zobumba ezinhlayiyeni zenhlabathi kanye ne-humus yomhlabathi, bese uncibilika kancane kancane emanzini kuma-capillaries enhlabathi, abese amuncwa izinwele zezimpande ndawonye. ngamanzi.Ngalesi sikhathi, izakhi zihamba ziye ezimpandeni ngokusebenzisa amanzi ku-capillary, okuyisigaba soketshezi, futhi izitshalo zandisa izimpande futhi zisondele endaweni lapho imisoco ikhona.Ngale ndlela, amanzi nezakhamzimba zimuncwa ngokushelelayo ngokusebenzisana kwezimbotshana ezinkulu ezikhule kahle, izimbotshana ezincane, nezimpande ezichumayo nezinwele zezimpande.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-carbohydrate akhiqizwa yi-photosynthesis nomoya-mpilo omuncwa izimpande zezitshalo kuzokhiqiza i-asidi yezimpande ezimpandeni zezitshalo.Ukukhiqizwa kwe-asidi yezimpande kwenza amaminerali angancibiliki ezungeze izimpande ancibilike futhi amunce, abe imisoco edingekayo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-19-2022