Isimiso sokuvutshelwa kwe-organic compost

1. Uhlolojikelele

Noma yiluphi uhlobo lokukhiqiza umquba wekhwalithi ephezulu kufanele ludlule enqubweni yokuvutshelwa kwe-composting.Ukwenza umquba kuyinqubo lapho izinto eziphilayo zicekelwa phansi futhi zizinziswe ama-microorganisms ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ukuze kukhiqizwe umkhiqizo ofanele ukusetshenziswa komhlaba.

Ukwenza umquba, indlela yakudala nelula yokwelapha imfucuza yezinto eziphilayo nokwenza umanyolo, sekudonse ukunaka okukhulu emazweni amaningi ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo kwezemvelo, kuletha nezinzuzo ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo.Kubikwa ukuthi izifo ezitholakala emhlabathini zingalawuleka ngokusebenzisa umquba obolile njengombhede wembewu.Ngemva kwesigaba sokushisa esiphezulu senqubo yokwenza umquba, inani lamagciwane aphikisanayo lingafinyelela izinga eliphezulu kakhulu, akulula ukubola, ukuzinza, futhi kulula ukumuncwa izitshalo.Khonamanjalo, isenzo sama-microorganisms singanciphisa ubuthi bezinsimbi ezisindayo ebangeni elithile.Kuyabonakala ukuthi ukwenza umquba kuyindlela elula nesebenzayo yokukhiqiza umanyolo we-bio-organic, onenzuzo ekuthuthukisweni kwezolimo zemvelo. 

Kungani umquba usebenza kanje?Okulandelayo incazelo enemininingwane eminingi yemigomo yokwenza umquba:

 2. Isimiso sokuvutshelwa kwe-organic compost

2.1 Ukuguqulwa kwe-organic matter ngesikhathi sokuvundisa

Ukuguqulwa kwezinto eziphilayo kumquba ngaphansi kwesenzo sezinto ezincane zingafingqwa zibe izinqubo ezimbili: enye i-mineralization ye-organic matter, okungukuthi, ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi zibe izinto ezilula, enye inqubo yokuthungatha izinto eziphilayo, okungukuthi, ukubola kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwento ephilayo ukuze kukhiqizwe i-organic matter-humus eyinkimbinkimbi.Lezi zinqubo ezimbili zenziwa ngesikhathi esisodwa kodwa zibheke kolunye uhlangothi.Ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene, ukushuba kwenqubo ngayinye kuhlukile.

2.1.1 Ukwenziwa kwamaminerali ezintweni eziphilayo

• Ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo ezingenayo initrogen

Izinhlanganisela ze-polysaccharide (isitashi, i-cellulose, i-hemicellulose) ziqala ukufakwa nge-hydrolyzed zibe yi-monosaccharides ngama-enzyme e-hydrolytic akhiqizwa ama-microorganisms.Imikhiqizo ephakathi efana notshwala, i-acetic acid, ne-oxalic acid kwakungelula ukuqongelela, futhi ekugcineni yakha i-CO₂ ne-H₂O, futhi yakhulula amandla amaningi okushisa.Uma ukungena komoya kubi, ngaphansi kwesenzo se-microbe, i-monosaccharide izobola kancane, ikhiqize ukushisa okuncane, futhi iqoqe imikhiqizo ethile ephakathi-ama-asidi e-organic.Ngaphansi kwesimo sama-microorganisms axosha igesi, izinto ezinciphisa njenge-CH₄ ne-H₂ zingakhiqizwa.

• Ukubola kwento ephilayo equkethe i-nitrogen

Izinto eziphilayo eziqukethe i-nitrogen emqubeni zihlanganisa amaprotheni, ama-amino acid, ama-alkaloid, i-hummus, njalonjalo.Ngaphandle kwe-humus, iningi libola kalula.Isibonelo, amaprotheni, ngaphansi kwesenzo se-protease ekhiqizwe i-microorganism, ehlisa isithunzi ngesinyathelo ngesinyathelo, akhiqize ama-amino acid ahlukahlukene, bese enza usawoti we-ammonium ne-nitrate ngokulandelana nge-ammoniation ne-nitrate, engamuncwa futhi isetshenziswe izitshalo.

• Ukuguqulwa kwezinhlanganisela eziphilayo eziqukethe i-phosphorus kumquba

Ngaphansi kokusebenza kwezinhlobonhlobo ze-saprophytic microorganisms, yakha i-phosphoric acid, eba izakhi izitshalo ezingamunca futhi zisebenzise.

• Ukuguqulwa kwento ephilayo equkethe isulfure

Udaba oluphilayo oluqukethe isibabule kumquba, ngeqhaza lama-microorganisms ukukhiqiza i-hydrogen sulfide.IHydrogen sulfide kulula ukuyinqwabelanisa endaweni yokungathandi igesi, futhi ingaba yingozi ezitshalweni nasezilwanyaneni ezincane.Kodwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezinomoya omuhle, i-hydrogen sulfide i-oxidized ku-sulfuric acid ngaphansi kwesenzo samabhaktheriya esibabule futhi isabela ngesisekelo somquba ukwenza i-sulfate, engaqedi nje ubuthi be-hydrogen sulfide, futhi ibe imisoco yesulfure izitshalo ezingayithola.Ngaphansi kwesimo somoya omubi, i-sulfation yenzeke, okwabangela ukuthi i-H₂S ilahleke futhi ibe nobuthi esitshalweni.Ngenqubo yokuvutshelwa komquba, ukungena kwe-compost kungathuthukiswa ngokujikisa umquba njalo, ngakho-ke ukunqanda ukubola kungaqedwa.

• Ukuguqulwa kwe-lipids kanye ne-aromatics organic compounds

Njenge-tannin ne-resin, iyinkimbinkimbi futhi iphuza ukubola, futhi imikhiqizo yokugcina nayo iyi-CO₂ futhi amanzi I-Lignin iyinhlanganisela ezinzile ye-organic equkethe izinto zezitshalo (njengamagxolo, sawdust, njll.) ekwenzeni umquba.Kunzima kakhulu ukubola ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esiyinkimbinkimbi kanye ne-nucleus enamakha.Ngaphansi kwesimo somoya omuhle, i-nucleus enamakha ingaguqulwa ibe yinhlanganisela ye-quinoid ngesenzo sesikhunta kanye ne-Actinomycetes, okungenye yezinto zokusetshenziswa zokuvuselela kabusha i-humus.Yebo, lezi zinto zizoqhubeka nokuhlukaniswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.

Kafushane, ukugaywa kwamaminerali ezinto eziphilayo ezihlanganisiwe kunganikeza imisoco esebenza ngokushesha ezitshalweni nasezilwanyaneni ezincane, kunikeze amandla emisebenzi ye-microbial, futhi kulungiselele izinto eziyisisekelo zokuthulisa izinto eziphilayo ezihlanganisiwe.Lapho ukwenza umquba kubuswa ama-microorganisms e-aerobic, i-organic matter ngokushesha i-mineralizes ukuze ikhiqize i-carbon dioxide eyengeziwe, amanzi, nezinye izakhi, ibola ngokushesha futhi kahle, futhi ikhiphe amandla amaningi okushisa. amandla okushisa, kanye nemikhiqizo yokubola ngaphezu kwezakhi zezitshalo, kulula ukuqoqa ama-asidi e-organic kanye nezinto ezinciphisayo ezifana ne-CH₄, H₂S, PH₃, H₂, njll.Ngakho-ke, ukucwiliswa komquba ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa kuhloswe futhi ukushintsha uhlobo lomsebenzi wamagciwane ukuze kuqedwe izinto eziyingozi.

2.1.2 Ukwehliswa kwezinto eziphilayo

Kunemibono eminingi mayelana nokwakheka kwe-humus, engahlukaniswa cishe izigaba ezimbili: isigaba sokuqala, lapho izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo ziphuka ukuze zenze izinto ezingavuthiwe ezakha ama-molecule e-humus, esigabeni sesibili, i-polyphenol i-oxidized ibe i-quinone. yi-Polyphenol oxidase ekhiqizwe i-microorganism, bese iquinone ifinyezwa nge-amino acid noma i-peptide ukuze yakhe i-humus monomer.Ngenxa yokuthi i-phenol, i-quinine, i-amino acid ehlukahlukene, i-condensation ehlangene ayifani, ngakho-ke ukwakheka kwe-humus monomer nakho kuhlukahlukene.Ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene, lawa ma-monomer aqhubeka ajiya ukuze akhe ama-molecule anobukhulu obuhlukahlukene.

2.2 Ukuguqulwa kwezinsimbi ezisindayo ngesikhathi sokuvundisa

Udaka lukamasipala lungenye yezinto ezinhle kakhulu zokukhiqiza umquba nokuvutshelwa ngoba luqukethe imisoco ecebile kanye nezinto eziphilayo zokukhula kwezitshalo.Kodwa udaka lukamasipala luvame ukuqukatha izinsimbi ezisindayo, lezi zinsimbi ezisindayo ngokuvamile zibhekisela ku-mercury, i-chromium, i-cadmium, i-lead, i-arsenic, njalonjalo.Ama-microorganisms, ikakhulukazi amagciwane kanye nesikhunta, adlala indima ebalulekile ku-biotransformation yezinsimbi ezinzima.Nakuba amanye ama-microorganisms angashintsha ukuba khona kwezinsimbi ezisindayo endaweni ezungezile, enze amakhemikhali abe nobuthi kakhulu futhi abangele izinkinga ezinkulu zemvelo, noma agxilise izinsimbi ezisindayo, futhi anqwabelene ngochungechunge lokudla.Kodwa amanye amagciwane angasiza ukuthuthukisa imvelo ngokususa izinsimbi ezisindayo endaweni ngezenzo eziqondile nezingaqondile.Ukuguqulwa kwe-HG kwe-Microbial kuhlanganisa izici ezintathu, okungukuthi i-methylation ye-inorganic mercury (Hg₂+), ukunciphisa i-inorganic mercury (Hg₂+) kuya ku-HG0, ukubola, nokunciphisa i-methylmercury nezinye izinhlanganisela ze-organic mercury ku-HG0.Lawa ma-microorganisms akwazi ukuguqula i-inorganic kanye ne-organic mercury ibe yi-elemental mercury abizwa ngokuthi ama-microorganisms angamelana ne-mercury.Nakuba ama-microorganisms engakwazi ukuthunaza izinsimbi ezisindayo, anganciphisa ubuthi bezinsimbi ezisindayo ngokulawula uguquko lwazo.

2.3 Inqubo yokwenza umquba nokuvutshelwa

Ukwenza umquba kuyindlela yokuqinisa imfucuza, kodwa kudinga umswakama okhethekile, izimo zokungenisa umoya, kanye nama-microorganisms ukukhiqiza izinga lokushisa elifanele.Izinga lokushisa kucatshangwa ukuthi lingaphezulu kuka-45 °C (cishe u-113 degrees Fahrenheit), likugcina liphakeme ngokwanele ukuvala amagciwane futhi libulale imbewu yokhula.Izinga lokubola kwensalela yento ephilayo emva kokwenza umquba ophusile liphansi, lizinzile, futhi kulula ukumuncwa izitshalo.Iphunga lingancishiswa kakhulu ngemva kokwenza umquba.

Inqubo yokwenza umquba ibandakanya izinhlobo eziningi zezinambuzane ezincane.Ngenxa yokushintsha kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo nezimo, inani lama-microorganisms ahlukahlukene nalo lishintsha njalo, ngakho awekho ama-microorganisms ahlala ebusa inqubo yokwenza umquba.Indawo ngayinye inomphakathi wayo othile we-microbial, futhi ukuhlukahluka kwamagciwane kwenza ukuba umquba ugweme ukuwa kwesistimu noma izimo zangaphandle zishintsha.

Inqubo yokwenza umquba yenziwa ikakhulukazi ama-microorganisms, okuyindikimba eyinhloko yokuvutshelwa kwe-composting.Amagciwane ahilelekile ekwenzeni umquba avela emithonjeni emibili: inqwaba yamagciwane asevele ekhona kudoti wezinto eziphilayo, kanye ne-inoculum ye-microbial yokwenziwa.Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, lezi zinhlobo zinamandla amakhulu okubola ezinye imfucumfucu yezinto eziphilayo futhi zibe nezici zomsebenzi oqinile, ukusakazeka ngokushesha, nokubola ngokushesha kwezinto eziphilayo, okungasheshisa inqubo yokwenza umquba, kufinyeze isikhathi sokusabela kwe-composting.

Ukwenza umquba kuvame ukuhlukaniswa kube i-aerobic composting kanye ne-anaerobic composting izinhlobo ezimbili.I-Aerobic composting inqubo yokubola kwezinto eziphilayo ngaphansi kwezimo ze-aerobic, futhi imikhiqizo yayo ye-metabolic ikakhulukazi i-carbon dioxide, amanzi, nokushisa;I-anaerobic composting iyinqubo yokubola kwezinto eziphilayo ngaphansi kwezimo ze-anaerobic, ama-metabolites okugcina okubola kwe-anaerobic yi-methane, i-carbon dioxide kanye nezinsimbi eziningi eziphansi zesisindo samangqamuzana, njengama-organic acid.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-microbial ezibandakanyeka enqubweni yokwenza umquba amabhaktheriya, isikhunta, kanye ne-actinomycetes.Lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zama-microorganisms zonke zinamagciwane e-mesophilic kanye nama-hyperthermophilic bacteria.

Phakathi nenqubo yokwenza umquba, inani lezilwanyana ezincane lashintsha ngokushintshana ngale ndlela elandelayo: imiphakathi yamagciwane emazingeni aphansi naphakathi yashintsha yaba imiphakathi yamagciwane aphakathi nendawo nasezingeni eliphezulu, futhi imiphakathi yezilwanyana ezincane ezinokushisa okuphakathi nendawo neziphezulu zashintsha zaba umphakathi wezinambuzane ezincane nezingashisi.Ngokunwetshwa kwesikhathi sokwenza umquba, amagciwane ancipha kancane kancane, i-actinomycetes yanda kancane kancane, futhi isikhunta nemvubelo ekupheleni kokwenza umquba kuncipha kakhulu.

Inqubo yokuvutshelwa komquba we-organic ingahlukaniswa kalula izigaba ezine:

2.3.1 Ngesikhathi sokushisisa

Esikhathini sokuqala sokwenza umquba, ama-microorganisms kumquba ngokuyinhloko anezinga lokushisa elilinganiselwe kanye nomoya omuhle, avame kakhulu ama-non-spore bacteria, ama-spore bacteria kanye nesikhunta.Baqala inqubo yokuvutshelwa komquba, bese bebola izinto eziphilayo (njengoshukela olula, isitashi, amaprotheni, njll.) ngamandla ngaphansi kwesimo somoya omuhle, zikhiqize ukushisa okukhulu futhi zikhuphule ngokuqhubekayo izinga lokushisa lomquba, ukuphakama kusuka. cishe u-20 °C (cishe u-68 degrees Fahrenheit) kuya ku-40 °C (cishe u-104 degrees Fahrenheit) ubizwa ngokuthi isiteji se-febrile, noma isigaba esimaphakathi sokushisa.

2.3.2 Ngesikhathi amazinga okushisa aphezulu

Ama-microorganisms afudumele kancane kancane athatha izintambo ohlotsheni olufudumele futhi izinga lokushisa liyaqhubeka nokukhuphuka, ngokuvamile libe ngaphezu kuka-50 °C (cishe u-122 degrees Fahrenheit) phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa, esigabeni sezinga lokushisa eliphezulu.Esigabeni sokushisa okuphezulu, ukushisa okuhle kwe-actinomycetes kanye nesikhunta esihle sokushisa kuba yizinhlobo eziyinhloko.Baphula izinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi emqubeni, njenge-cellulose, i-hemicellulose, i-pectin, njalonjalo.Ukushisa kuyakhula futhi izinga lokushisa lomquba likhuphuke lifinyelele ku-60 °C (cishe 140 degrees Fahrenheit), lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ukusheshisa inqubo yokwenza umquba.Ukuvundisa okungafanele komquba, isikhathi esifushane kakhulu sokushisa okuphezulu, noma akukho izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ngakho-ke ukuvuthwa okuhamba kancane, esikhathini esingangesigamu sonyaka noma ngaphezulu akusona isimo sokuvuthwa.

2.3.3 Ngesikhathi sokupholisa

Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile phakathi nesigaba sokushisa okuphezulu, iningi le-cellulose, i-hemicellulose, ne-pectin izinto ziye zabola, okushiya izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi (isb. futhi izinga lokushisa lehla kancane kancane.Lapho izinga lokushisa lehla ngaphansi kuka-40 °C (cishe u-104 degrees Fahrenheit), ama-microorganisms e-mesophilic aba uhlobo oluvelele.

Uma isigaba sokupholisa sifika ngaphambi kwesikhathi, izimo zokuvundisa azilungile futhi ukubola kwezitshalo akwanele.Kuleli qophelo kungaba ukuvula inqwaba, inqwaba impahla ukuxubana, ukuze ikhiqize Ukushisa yesibili, bafudumale, ukukhuthaza composting.

2.3.4 Isigaba sokuvuthwa kanye nokugcinwa kukamanyolo

Ngemva kokwenza umquba, umthamo uyancipha futhi izinga lokushisa lomquba lehla liye phezulu kancane kunezinga lokushisa lomoya, khona-ke umquba kufanele ucindezelwe ngokuqinile, okuholela esimweni se-anaerobic futhi kwenze buthaka ukuchithwa kwezinto eziphilayo, ukugcina umanyolo.

Ngamafuphi, inqubo yokuvutshelwa komquba wemvelo iyinqubo ye-microbial metabolism kanye nokuzala kabusha.Inqubo ye-microbial metabolism yinqubo yokubola kwezinto eziphilayo.Ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo kukhiqiza amandla, aqhuba inqubo yokwenza umquba, akhuphule izinga lokushisa, futhi omise i-substrate emanzi.

 
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