Ungawusebenzisa kanjani utshani lapho wenza umquba?

Utshani yimfucuza esalayo ngemva kokuvuna ukolweni, irayisi nezinye izitshalo.Nokho, njengoba sonke sazi, ngenxa yezici ezikhethekile zotshani, zingadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni umquba.

Umgomo wokusebenza wokwenza umquba wotshani inqubo yokwenza amaminerali kanye nokuthobisa izinto eziphilayo njengotshani bezitshalo ngochungechunge lwezilwanyana ezincane.Esigabeni sokuqala sokwenza umquba, inqubo yokwenziwa kwamaminerali yiyona nqubo eyinhloko, futhi isigaba sakamuva sibuswa yinqubo yokuthambisa.Ngokwenza umquba, isilinganiso se-carbon-nitrogen se-organic matter singancishiswa, imisoco etholakala ku-organic matter ingakhululwa, futhi ukusabalala kwamagciwane, amaqanda ezinambuzane, kanye nembewu yokhula ku-composting material kungancishiswa.Ngakho-ke, inqubo yokubola komquba akuyona nje inqubo yokubola kanye nokuhlanganiswa kabusha kwezinto eziphilayo kodwa futhi inqubo yokwelapha okungenangozi.Ijubane nokuqondisa kwalezi zinqubo kuthonywa ukubunjwa kwezinto zomquba, ama-microorganisms, nezimo zawo zemvelo.Ukwenza umquba onezinga lokushisa eliphezulu ngokuvamile kuhamba ngezigaba zokufudumeza, ukupholisa, nokufaka umanyolo.

Izimo lapho umquba wotshani kufanele uhlangabezane nazo:

Ikakhulukazi ezicini ezinhlanu: umswakama, umoya, izinga lokushisa, isilinganiso se-carbon-nitrogen, ne-pH.

• Umswakama.Kuyisici esibalulekile esithinta umsebenzi wama-microorganisms kanye nesivinini sokwenza umquba.Impahla yokwenza umquba iboliswa kalula yizinambuzane ezincane ngemva kokuba imunca amanzi, yanda, futhi ithambe.Ngokuvamile, umswakama kufanele ube ngu-60% -75% womthamo omkhulu wokubamba amanzi wempahla yokwenza umquba.
• Umoya.Inani lomoya kumquba lithinta ngokuqondile umsebenzi wezinambuzane ezincane kanye nokubola kwezinto eziphilayo.Ngakho-ke, ukulungisa umoya, indlela yokuqala yokuxegisa bese kuba ukunqwabelana okuqinile kungathathwa, futhi imibhoshongo yokungenisa umoya kanye nemisele yokungenisa umoya ingamiswa emqubeni, futhi indawo yomquba ingambozwa ngesembozo.
• Izinga lokushisa.Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-microorganisms kumquba zinezidingo ezihlukile zokushisa.Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushisa elifanele lama-anaerobic microorganisms ngu-25-35 °C, kuma-microorganisms we-aerobic, 40-50 °C, kuma-microorganisms e-mesophilic, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lingu-25-37 °C, kanye nama-microorganisms asezingeni eliphezulu.Izinga lokushisa elifaneleke kakhulu lingu-60-65 ℃, futhi umsebenzi walo uyavinjelwa uma lingaphezu kuka-65 ℃.Izinga lokushisa lenqwaba lingalungiswa ngokuya ngesizini.Lapho wenza umquba ebusika, faka umquba wenkomo, wemvu, kanye nehhashi ukuze ukhuphule izinga lokushisa lomoya womquba noma uvale inqwaba ukuze ifudumale.Lapho kufakwa umquba ehlobo, izinga lokushisa le-windrow likhuphuka ngokushesha, bese liphendula i-windrow yomquba, futhi amanzi angengezwa ukuze kuncishiswe izinga lokushisa le-windrow ukuze kube lula ukulondolozwa kwe-nitrogen.
• Isilinganiso se-carbon ne-nitrogen.I-carbon-nitrogen ratio efanelekile (C/N) ingenye yezimo ezibalulekile zokusheshisa ukubola komquba, ukugwema ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezinto eziqukethe i-carbon, kanye nokukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwe-humus.Ukuvundisa okunezinga lokushisa eliphezulu ikakhulukazi kusebenzisa izitsha zokusanhlamvu njengezinto ezingavuthiwe, futhi isilinganiso sayo se-carbon-nitrogen ngokuvamile singu-80-100:1, kuyilapho isilinganiso se-carbon-nitrogen esidingekayo emisebenzini yempilo ye-microbial cishe singama-25:1, okusho ukuthi. lapho ama-microorganisms ebola izinto eziphilayo, yonke ingxenye eyodwa ye-nitrogen, izingxenye ezingu-25 zekhabhoni zidinga ukuxutshwa.Uma isilinganiso se-carbon-nitrogen sikhulu kuno-25:1, ngenxa yokuncipha kwemisebenzi ye-microbial, ukubola kwe-organic matter kuhamba kancane, futhi yonke i-nitrogen ebolile isetshenziswa yizinambuzane ngokwazo, futhi i-nitrogen esebenzayo ayikwazi ukukhishwa kumquba. .Uma isilinganiso se-carbon-nitrogen singaphansi kuka-25:1, ama-microorganisms akhula ngokushesha, izinto ezisetshenziswayo zibola kalula, futhi i-nitrogen esebenzayo ingakhululwa, ebuye ihambisane nokwakheka kwe-humus.Ngakho-ke, isilinganiso se-carbon-nitrogen sotshani botshani sibanzi, futhi isilinganiso se-carbon-nitrogen kufanele silungiswe sibe ngu-30-50:1 lapho kwenziwa umquba.Ngokuvamile, umquba womuntu olingana no-20% wezinto zomquba noma u-1% -2% we-nitrogen fertilizer uyengezwa ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo ze-microorganisms ye-nitrogen futhi kusheshiswe ukubola komquba.
• I-Acidity kanye ne-alkalinity (pH).Ama-microorganisms angasebenza kuphela phakathi kohlu oluthile lwe-asidi ne-alkali.Ama-microorganisms amaningi kumquba adinga ukungathathi hlangothi endaweni ene-alkaline-base ye-asidi (pH 6.4-8.1), kanti i-pH ephezulu ingu-7.5.Ama-acids ahlukahlukene e-organic avame ukukhiqizwa ngenqubo yokwenza umquba, enze indawo ene-acidic futhi athinte imisebenzi yokuzala yama-microorganisms.Ngakho-ke, inani elifanele (2% -3% le-strawweight) lika-lime noma umlotha wezitshalo kufanele zengezwe ngesikhathi sokwenza umquba ukulungisa i-pH.Ukusebenzisa inani elithile le-superphosphate kungakhuthaza umquba ukuthi uvuthwe.

Amaphuzu ayinhloko wobuchwepheshe bokwenza umquba wokushisa okuphezulu kotshani:

1. Indlela ejwayelekile yokwenza umquba:

• Khetha indawo.Khetha indawo eseduze nomthombo wamanzi futhi elungele ukuhamba.Ubukhulu bomquba buncike endaweni kanye nenani lempahla.Umhlabathi uyagxotshwa, bese kubekwa ungqimba lomhlabathi owomile phansi, bese ungqimba lweziqu zezitshalo ezingasikiwe lubekwe phezulu njengombhede onomoya (ongaba ngu-26 cm ubukhulu).
• Ukuphatha utshani.Utshani nezinye izinto eziphilayo zimbondelene embhedeni zibe yizingqimba, ungqimba ngalunye lunogqinsi olulinganiselwa ku-20 cm, kanti indle yomuntu nomchamo kuthelwa ungqimba ngongqimba (okuncane ngezansi nangaphezulu phezulu)., ukuze phansi kuthintane nomhlabathi, khipha induku yokhuni ngemva kokupakisha, futhi izimbobo ezisele zisetshenziswa njengemigodi yokungenisa umoya.
• Isilinganiso se-compost material.Isilinganiso sotshani, umquba womuntu nowezilwane, kanye nenhlabathi ecolekile ngu-3:2:5, kanti u-2-5% womanyolo we-calcium-magnesium-phosphate wengezwa ukuxuba umquba lapho izithako zengezwa, okunganciphisa ukulungiswa kwe-phosphorus futhi kuthuthuke. ukusebenza kahle komanyolo kamanyolo we-calcium-magnesium-phosphate kakhulu.
• Ilawula umswakama.Ngokuvamile, kuhle ukubamba impahla ngesandla uma kunamaconsi.Yimba umsele ongaba ngu-30 cm ukushona no-30 cm ububanzi eduze komquba, futhi uhlakulele umhlabathi ozungezile ukuze uvimbele ukulahleka komquba.
• Udaka seal.Vala inqwaba ngodaka cishe ngo-3 cm.Lapho umzimba onqwabelene ucwila kancane kancane nezinga lokushisa enqumbini lehla kancane, phendula inqwaba, hlanganisa izinto ezingaboli kahle emaphethelweni nezinto zangaphakathi ngokulinganayo, bese uzinqwabelanisa futhi.Uma impahla itholakala inamagciwane amhlophe Lapho kuvela umzimba kasilika, engeza inani elifanele lamanzi, bese uwuvala kabusha ngodaka.Uma isibolile uhhafu, yicindezele uqinise futhi uyivale ukuze uyisebenzise kamuva.
• Uphawu lokubola komquba.Uma usubolile ngokuphelele, umbala wotshani wezitshalo uba nsundu ngokumnyama ukuya kunsundu ngokumnyama, utshani buthambile kakhulu noma buxutshwe nebhola, futhi insalela yesitshalo ayibonakali.Bamba umquba ngesandla ukuze ukhame ijusi, engenambala futhi engenaphunga ngemva kokuhlunga.

2. Indlela yokwenza umquba obola ngokushesha:

• Khetha indawo.Khetha indawo eseduze nomthombo wamanzi futhi elungele ukuhamba.Ubukhulu bomquba buncike endaweni kanye nenani lempahla.Uma ukhetha umhlabathi oyisicaba, kufanele wakhe inhlabathi ewu-30 cm ukuphakama nxazonke ukuze uvimbele ukugeleza kwamanzi.
• Ukuphatha utshani.Ngokujwayelekile ihlukaniswe yaba izingqimba ezintathu, ubukhulu bezendlalelo zokuqala nezesibili buyi-60 cm, ukujiya kwesendlalelo sesithathu buyi-40 cm, futhi ingxube ye-agent ebola utshani kanye ne-urea ifafazwa ngokulinganayo phakathi kwezingqimba futhi ungqimba lwesithathu, utshani. i-ejenti ebolayo ne-urea Umthamo wengxube ngu-4:4:2 ukusuka phansi kuye phezulu.Ububanzi be-stacking ngokuvamile budingeka ukuthi bube ngamamitha angu-1.6-2, ukuphakama kwe-stacking ngamamitha angu-1.0-1.6, futhi ubude buncike kumthamo wezinto kanye nobukhulu besayithi.Ngemuva kokupakisha, ivalwa ngodaka (noma ifilimu).Izinsuku ezingama-20-25 zingabola futhi zisetshenziswe, ikhwalithi yinhle, futhi okuqukethwe okusebenzayo kwezakhi kuphezulu.
• Impahla kanye nesilinganiso.Ngokuvumelana nethani elingu-1 lotshani, i-1 kg ye-ejenti ebolayo yotshani (njenge-“301″ ejenti yebhaktheriya, i-rot straw spirit, i-chemical ripening agent, “HEM” ejenti yebhaktheriya, i-enzyme bacteria, njll.), bese kuba ngu-5 kg ​​we-urea ( noma 200- 300 kg wendle yabantu ebolile kanye nomchamo) ukuze kuhlangatshezwane ne-nitrogen edingekayo ekuvubeleni kwe-microbial, futhi kulungiswe isilinganiso se-carbon-nitrogen ngokunengqondo.
• Lawula umswakama.Ngaphambi kokwenza umquba, cwilisa utshani ngamanzi.Isilinganiso sotshani olomile namanzi ngokuvamile singu-1:1.8 ukuze umswakama wotshani ufinyelele ku-60% -70%.Isihluthulelo sempumelelo noma ukwehluleka.